LITERATURE OF ENGGLISH EKAGO YOKA

TUGAS KEBUDAYAAN INGGRIS Nama : YOKOBUS TAGI ( 4514051014) ENGLISH LITERATUR UNIVERSITAS BOSOWA MAKASSAR

I. LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1. Ttraditianlly the English Local Gevernment were devided into  There notable units, these were the parish, the borough, and the country. 2. Wath became the first local governmet unit?  To aquire some degree of democrasy. 3. What change was made on the system of county councils introduxed by the 1889 local government act?  The 1889 Local Government Act Introduced a system of country councils elected by reta-payers franchise. 4. The 1972 Local Government Reorganisation Act establised a new pattern of local autorities in which there are 6 metropolitant counties, 29 non-metropolitant the 6 metropolitant counties!  Great Lanchester, Merseyside, West Midlands, West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, and tyne-Wear. 5. Country councils outside metropolitant areas and district autorities inside metropolitant areas are responsible for  Planning, road, public transport, waste disposal, consumer protection and police and fire services. 6. What title is give to the chairmant of boroughs councils?  In boroughs the chairman is granted the courtesy title of mayor while in certain large or ancient cities he is Lored Mayor. 7. Who is allowed to become the candidate for election as a councillor?  The candidate for election as a concillor should be British subject or citizen of Irish Repoblic aged 21 years old. 8. What freedoms are owend by the Local Government?  The Local Govirements have cosiderable freedom to make internal arragement for carrying out their duties, it is possible for them to share the dischange of their functions. 9. From what sources the Local Government acquires financial support?  From many sources, namely; current account surplus; borrowing and reminder of grants and other incomes. II. LEGAL SYSTEM 1. What are the main sources of Britain legislation ?  The main sources of law are lagislatoin, common law, and European Community law. 2. In what courts are criminal cases tried ?  There are two levels of criminal court in England and Wales 3. In what courts are civil cases tried ?  The main sub-division of the civil law of England, Wales, and Northhern Ireland are: family law, the law of property, the law of contract, and the law of terts. 4. Explain the three main functions of magistrates courts !  The court has three main functions. The first it hears and determines charges against people accused of summary offences that are not serious enough to go before higher courts. And the second function of the magistrates court is to conduct a priliminary hearing, to decide whether there is sufficient eceidence to commit the accused for trial in a higher court. Thridly the magistrates hear cases involving children. 5. What is the difference between magistrates courts and crown courts explain !  Magistrates courts and crown courts; Magistrates court deal whit the great majority of criminal cases, while Crown courts deal with the more serious offences. 6. An English trialis a contest. What does it mean ? Explain  As the terms “prosecution” and “defence” sugest, an English trial is a contest, in which both sides try to concince the jury that the case which they are presenting is the truth. 7. Explain the procedures of an appeal made for criminal cases!  The Court of appeal consist of these judges, either Lords Justicesof Appeal or judges of the high court 8. Explain the difference between courts in Wales/ England and Scotland !  Different from England, Wales and scotland is the juge sits with a jury of fifteen members. 9. How many branches of legal profession are there in the United Kingdom?  There are many branches of civil law : some of them, in England, Wales, snd Northern Ireland, are family law, the law of property, the law of contract, and the law of trots. 10. Explain the meaning of the following terms: jury, barrister, solicitor, sheriff, Lord Chiof Justice, and the court of Session.  Jury is complete independent of the judiciary  Solicitor is not permitted to plead in the higher courts, so if the caseis to be heard in one of these he must brief a barrister in his client’s behalf  Barristers is who has the right of audience before any court ortribunal in England  Sheriff courts hear both cases civil and criminal cases  Lord Chiof Justice ispermitted if it is felt that a pointof law of general public importance is involved  court of Session has two parts, an Outer and an Inner House, the former being a court of first instance, the latter mainly an appeal court III. THE WELFARE STATE 1. Explain why houses built by industrialists for the workers ware avoided by the workes !  This leads to the decision to build houses for workers by the indrustialist and forecd them to work along hours un shocking condition and paid them the mininal wages. 2. In the middle of the 19th century a friendly society was formed. What did this institution try to do ?  Provide financial assistance, medical care and funeral grant for the poor 3. What problem was faced by the government during the first World War.  During the first world war the serious problem faced by the Goverment was Housing. 4. The effort to improve the condition of the society during the second World War done by sir William Beveridge consistend of:  A comprehensive scheme of social security attacking want, desease, ignerance and idleness.  It planned a complete break whit the old poor lad and the substitutoin of an entirely new concept. 5. The weekly allowance of 5 shillings for children was the result of  Some important Acts were among others family Allowance act (1945) introduced by churchill which provided a weekly allowance Of 5 shillingsn for every child except the first. 6. The improvement of the cocial welfare after the second World War was marked by  Provision of National Health Service; inspite of the criticism from the society this institution got a number of success. 7. What benefit were provided by National Insurance Payment and Supplementary Benefit Commision ?  Payment and supplementary Benefit Commision every person and every employer in England should make weekly national insurance contribution. 8. What was the purpose of the Rent Act in 1957 ?  In 1957 a Rent Act was passed which permitted rents to rise at the same rate as prices. 9. What was the serious defect of the Act ?  The act has a serious defect somehow,that the owner can charge a new tenant at a hingher rate and force the tenants out and offer it to the other tenants with considerable profit. 10. Who appointed the chairman of AHAS  Appointed by the secretary IV. EDUCATION 1. The first education in Britain was initiated by  The first English schools were founded by thenchurch in the sixth century, to train boys for pristhood, and the church was the retain a virtual monopoly of education for many centuries. 2. Schools esuablised by industrialists and philanthropists were  During the late eighteenth century a considerable number of “ industrial schools” and “ Sunday’ schools were esteblished by industrialists and philantrhropists. 3. When did the involve of the state in education begin ?  At the beginning of the nineteenth century such elementary schools as existed were either by private individuals or the churches. 4. Explain the levels of education in the UK !  In English children go to school at the age of five, at which a child is accepted by primary school. 5. Explain the kinds of secondary schools in the UK !  Originally secondary modern schools were conceived as schools for children who were less academic,though as we have seen they did not emulate the grammar for ‘O’ level course,while in some cases sixth forms were established. 6. Explain the difference among grammar schools, secondary modern schools, comprehensive schools, and independent schools.  Grammar School are of the kinds: local authority grammer school “direct grant” grammar schools.  Originally secondery modern school were conceived as school for children who are less academic, though as we have seen they did not emulate the grammar for “O” level course  The popular view of a comprehensive a complete range of educational facilities, staffed with suuicient specialist to ensure that the children get the widest possible education, provided in small teaching groups.  There is not exact definition of public schools, though one thing a public schoool is not public in the usual sense of the word. 7. Explain the support prvided by the state/local authorities loward education  There is no central board of education to decide syllabus, teaching methods and other details, though the department does lay down minimum standars and gives advice to the local authorities 8. What kind of higher educations are there in the UK ?  Broadly speaking, “hingher education” covers universities, poly-techics, and college of education. 9. What higher educations are going through difficult time ?  Colleges of Education, designed for training teachers, are going through a difficult at the moment; some have been closed and the future or others is under review. 10. Give examples of non-formal education in the UK !  Youth service which is provided by a partnership between public authority and a large variety of voluntary organisations. V. LIFE IN MODERN BRITAIN TODAY 1. What sector in economy was dominant in the first half of nineteenth century?  Of the inhabitants of the UK lived in the country and in 1831 agricuture still accounted for the largest sector of the country’s labor force, giving work to 28 percent of all familys. 2. What was the effect to industrialization on the population?  Experienced a fall in both brith and death rates during the twentieth century. This has meant that although fewer people have been born, those that have are survering longer. 3. What motivated immigrants from Commonwealth countries to go to the UK?  Order to find work and improved living conditions. 4. What was the effect of the immigrants on the communities?  How they adapt to new pressures on their way of life 5. What is the effect of industrialization on the leisure activitiesof the people?  Concerned is that has been a change from participating to observing 6. What is the most popular entertainment?  Sociation football or soccer 7. Explain other forms of amusement/entertainment which become the purusuit of the people?  Football becomes the most popular entertainment; cricket is widely played in towns and village; and golf can be used to sain social status 8. The reduction of the income gap betweem the midddle and the working classes has caused  Has been reduced significantly since World War II, and the differentials have been narrowed even more markedly in more recent years. 9. The 1970 Equal Pat Act introduced  A women doing the name work as a man is entitled to equal pay and conditions 10. Explain the leisure activities increased by the availabality of convenience provided by easy transport!  The growth of industriescatering for private transport Beycle,the motor-cycle,and the car VI. THE FAMILY 1. What makes the problem of family after word war II become apparent?  After the second World Wr, the problem of family became apparent and important 2. What are the family duties in the non-industrial society?  Providing the necesities of life, taking care of the old and educating the young 3. Who and what book says that the pre-industrial family was “multy-functional” unit?  Mac Ivor inthis book Society writes that the pre-industrial family was “multy-functional” unit 4. What is meant by “multy-functional” unit?  The family’s responsibillities cover many aspects of life like self governing, performing its own religious services, responsible for children’s education and providing and economic basis for the home 5. Economically, the procesess of industrialisation had effected the familly in three ways. Explain?  The centre of production has moved from home to the victory and the family has became an “income unit”  The unit of production usually employs individual workes rather than the entire family  The process of industrialisation ensures a supply of goods and service produced outside the home but consumed within it. 6. Explain the four functions of the family outlined by Murdock?  Sexcual, economic, reproductive and educational 7. Explain the decreasing role of the family over the socialization (education) of its members as it had been showed by J.B.Mays!  That workin-class children come to regard their homes as places where they do not spend many hours and over the age of twele, boys do not spend much time the home, expect when they qre sick 8. Explain the difference attitude of women from different classes towards the child-bearing process!  Many working class women, according to the new sons, with the role of ‘mam’ highly satisfaying in and of itself, with the children as a symbol of status in them selves and an extension of the mother’s personality. 9. What have turned the modern family into an institution bastly different from its Victorean forebears!  The emancipation of women, shorter working hours and increased opportunity for leysure, social welfare, newattitudes towards children and family planing. 10. What is today’s requirement accepted by the family members?  There is more introspection about personal relatinship and compatibillity VII. RELIGIOUS LIFE 1. What is the established Church in thye UK of which the head is the Crown?  The head of the church of England is the monarch 2. Who appoints the archbishops, bishop, and deans of the church?  Though in fact the advice from the prime Minister is the decisive factor 3. Belong to want religion does the church?  Chatolic Roman, Islamic, Hindu, and Sikh comunities 4. Explain the relationship between the state and the churches in the UK !  Is specially relationship between state and the church of England which is the estabilishedchurch in Britain 5. The church of Scotland has a presbyterian form,explain what is meant by prebyterian!  Its the statusasthe national church derives from the treaty of union 1707 and the church of Scotland Act 1921 which confirmed its complete freedom in all spiritual matters. 6. How many Roman Catholic provinces are there now in the UK?  Each under an archibshop, 30 episcopal diocwsws, and over 3.000 paarishes 7. To describe what religions does the expression “free chruches”  Commonly usedto describe those protestant churches in England and Scotland which, unlike the Church of England and the church of Scotland, are not established 8. Explain other religious communities in the UK!  Immigration into Britain during the past 30 years has created substantial non-christian communities. There are now 1,5 million Muslim in the country, andthere arelarge Hindu and Sikh Communities. 9. Who converted the English into Christianity and when it happened?  The aim of this movement was to promote social by showing that christianity is a way of lifeto the industrial society 10. Explain the religious movement in Britain?  This movement compricesagroup of puritan sect who broke away from the church of England. This movement gave new meaning to life of the poorest and humblest English poople. VIII. SOCIAL CLASS IN MODERN BRITAIN 1. Traditionally social class in capitalistic society is determined into  Upper, middle, and lower class 2. The differentiation is related to  There kinds of market capacity : ownership of property in the means of production, posseasion of educational or technical qualification, and prossession of manual labour-power. 3. The sevenfold of measure of class as proposed by E. A. Jhons is  Class I : Higher managerial or professional Class II : Lower managerial or administrative Class III : Skilled or supervisory non-manual Class IV : Lower manual Class V : Skilled manual Class VI : Unskilled manual Class VII : Residual, including state prisoners 4. Registar General based on occupation has classified social class into five categories, namely:  Class I : (professional) Accuntants, architects, chemist, clergyment, doctors, lawyers, surveyors, university teachers, judges, metallurgies Class II : (Intermediate) Teachers,Cabinet ministers, jurnalist, managers in industry, pilots, publicants, farments, chiropodists, nurse, MPs. Class III : (Skilled) Below-ground, miners, electricians, carponters, printing workers, short hand typists, raileayn egine drivers, butchers, upholders Class IV : (Semi-skilled) Above-ground miners, electrical assembly workers, machine tool operators, bricklayers, strcet vendors, barmainds, bus conductors, postmen, fishermen, telephone operators Class V: (Unskilled) Labourers, ticket callectos, stevedores, window cleaners,messengers, lorry drivers’ mates 5. There are three major determinants of social class, Expalin  That is income and wealth, occupation, andstyle of life 6. What becomes a means to pas through class range? Explain  The so-called working class people view education as a means to an end the end being “better” job, for which educational qualifications are essential. 7. In what classes changes of status occur?  Within manual emplyment or between manual and lower manual work 8. What class moves closer to lower middle class?  Is seen as non-manual white collar, skilled, proffesional or self-employed persons. 9. What important changes are occuring on the middle class?  On the middle-class side, the most important changes are occuring among the lower white color groups, since it is these who are threatened by the affluent manual workes 10. What is the ultimate factor, according to some authorities, to decide social class?  Some authorities consider that style of life